Glossary of Key People and Forts




Forts Built During the French and Indian War

Here is a list of forts that were built and used during the war. Some may have little information because little could be found on them.

Fort Le Boeuf: a French fort completed in 1753

Fort Beausejour: Located in New Brunswick. It was constructed in the shape of a pentagon with walls 15 feet high. It was taken by the British in 1755 and renamed Fort Cumberland.

Fort Edward: Located in New York, about 40 miles north of Albany and it was built in 1755.

Fort Necessity: Located in Pennsylvania and built in 1754. Major George Washington surrendered it on July 3, 1754.

Fort Niagara: Located in the mouth of the Niagara River in New York. La Salle first built it in 1678. The French rebuilt it in 1725 and 1756. The British captured it in 1789. It measured 45 feet by 90 feet and under one roof were quarters, storerooms, powder magazines, a bakery, a chapel, and even a well.

Fort Ticonderoga: Located in New York on an outlet from Lake George to Lake Champlain. The French built it in 1755. It is also known as Fort Carillon. The British captured it in 1759.

Fort William Henry: Located on Lake George, New York. It was surrendered to the French and American Indians under Montcalm in 1757.

Fort Oswego: Located in northern, New York. The French captured it in 1756.

Fort Carillon: the French built it on Lake Champlain. British General Jeffrey Amherst captured it and renamed Fort Ticonderoga, before being named Fort Carillon it was called Fort Vauderuil. The fort itself is bomb proof. It was named Carillon because of the sound of the water blending with the wind.

Fort Frontenac: It was built in defiance of Colbert's instructions. It was used to engage in fur trading. It was located in Kingston, Ontario and built in 1673. It contained 60 odd cannons, 16 mortars of different calibers, and consisted of 110 men. Fort Frontenac was the key to the west.

Fort Pitt: Located close to the shore of the Monongahela. It was changed to Fort Pitt from Fort Duquesne and was also known as Fort George. It was a dirt fort; the walls and bastions were built of earth. It was a five-sided ditch and could house 700-1000 men. Most of the provisions and all the ammunition were stored underground.

Fortress Louisbourg: the British captured it in 1758. In 1760 the fortification walls were systematically dismantled and by 1768 the garrison moved to Halifax.

Fort Bull: Completed by Captain Petri in 1755 and was in the shape of a star. It had three layers complete, the first layer was 15-18 feet high with the inner two layers the height of a man. It could hold 60-70 men and was originally named Wood Creek Fort.

Fort Williams: Completed by Captain Williams in 1755. It was located on the Mohawk side of the Carry on the riverbank a quarter mile downstream from the site where Fort Stanwix was later built and was the first military post on the Oneida Carry. It was built in the shape of a pinwheel enclosing two blockhouses and a storehouse. It could accommodate 150 men.

Fort Loudon: There are two forts that were built by the name of Fort Loudon. One was located in Virginia and the other was located in Tennessee. First we'll talk about the Fort in Virginia. Washington arrived at Winchester, Virginia in 1754 and construction began in may 1756. The fort itself was square and had 6 18 pounders, 6 12 pounders, 6 6pounders, 4 swivel guns and 2 howitzers. It was named in honor of John Campbell, 4th earl of Loudon. It was built at the crossing of old east to west Indian trails and the wagon road to Philadelphia which ran north to south. The fort commanded the lower Shenandoah Valley and contained 200 houses. It was never directly attacked. Fort Loudon in Tennessee was built on the Little Tennessee River on 1756-1757 by the colony of South Carolina. It protected the southern British frontier from the French and was located at the heart of the rugged over hill Cherokee country. For three years it helped keep the Cherokees loyal to their English allies. The Cherokees gave 700 acres of land to build the fort. It was diamond shaped with a bastion at each corner. The east bastion was called bastion King, the west was called bastion Queen, the north was called bastion Prince of Wales, and the south was called bastion Duke of Cumberland. The greatest dangers of the fort were hunger and boredom.


Key People of the French and Indian War

Marquis de Louis-Joseph de Saint-Veran: Was a French soldier born near Nimes. He successfully engaged the British at Fort Ontario, Fort William Henry, and Fort Ticonderoga. He was defeated and mortally wounded on the Plains of Abraham on September 13, and died the next day. He forced the surrender of Quebec to Great Britain.

Robert Dinwiddie: He was the Colonial Lieutenant Governor of Virginia born near Glasgow, Scotland. He played an active part in the early campaigns of the war. In 1758 he resigned because of ill health and returned to England.

George Washington: Was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 1732. He had a liking for mathematics, which he applied to surveying. In November 1752 he was appointed adjutant of the southern district of Virginia. He built Fort Necessity. He won his first victory on May 27, 1754. He attacked on July 3 by the French and some Iroquois. He became famous for his victory over Jumonville.

Sir William Johnson: Was born in county Meath, Ireland in 1715. He immigrated to America in 1738 and settled in the Mohawk River valley of New York. He established a friendly relation with the Native Americans. Governor George Clinton appointed him superintendent of Iroquois affairs. He captured Fort Niagara from the French n 1760. He founded Johnstown, New York in 1762.

Brigadier General Edward Braddock: Was born in 1695 in Perth, Scotland. He was the chief of British forces in America. In 1755 he led an expedition against Fort Duquesne. The French and Indians ambushed him and he was mortally wounded in battle and died a few days later.

Robert Rogers: Was an American frontiersman born in Methuen, Massachusetts in 1731. He became the army's foremost scout and was promoted to a captain in 1756 and to a major in 1758. He led the force that tool Detroit, Michigan and other western French posts in 1760. He fought in the Battle of Bloody Run and he was arrested for treason but was acquitted for lack of evidence. He spent almost two years in debtor's prison.

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: Was a French military officer and navigator who was born and educated in Paris. He studied law but abandoned it in 1754 to join the French army. During the French and Indian war he served as aide-de-camp to Marquis Louis-Joseph Montcalm de Saint-Veran in Canada. He took part in the defense of Ticonderoga and Quebec. In 1764 he established a French colony in the Falkland Islands.

William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham: Was the Prime Minister of Great Britain who led the country to victory over France in the Seven Years' War. He was born on November 15, 1708 in Westminster. He attacked the French Empire boldly. He conquered Canada, the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, the French West Indies, and the French trading posts in West Africa. In 1761 he captured Florida, Havana, and Manila

Sir Jeffrey Amherst: Led the British troops to destroy the French fortification and began construction of a new fort, which was never fully completed.

James Wolfe: Captured Louisbourg and Quebec. He was born in 1727 in Westerham, England. He entered the army at age 14 and was made second in command in 1757. He defeated the French in an open battle early on September 13, and defeated them. He was killed in battle.

Robert Monckton: Was the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia from 1756-1761.

Marquis Duquesne: Was governor-general of New France, now known as Canada. He was born in Toulon in 1702. He sought to curtail the westward advance of the English.